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過去分詞或過去分詞短語充當副詞，修飾謂語動詞
和現(xiàn)在分詞及短語一樣，過去分詞（past participles）或過去分詞短語（past participial phrases）也可以充當副詞，修飾謂語動詞。
過去分詞短語可以表達下列四種意思：
㈠方法或活動方式，如：
● He walked up and down, lost in thought.
● I sat before the desk until after mid-night, absorbed in writing.
● Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly.
�、嬖�，如：
● Greatly disappointed, some staff decided to leave the place.
● Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered.
�、鐣r間，如：
● Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.
● Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.
�、钘l件，如：
● Given more time, the slow learners would have done better.
● Criticised by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that.
除了直接修飾動詞之外，過去分詞或短語也可以和連詞合組成短語，表示下列四種意思：
⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等連詞引導，表示“ 時間”，如：
● When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.
● Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to.
�、灿� where, wherever 連詞引導，表示“地點”，如：
● Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found.
● Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.
⒊由 if, unless 引導，表示“條件”，如：
● If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.
● We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.
⒋由 though, although, even though 連詞引導，表示“讓步 ”，如：
● Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering.
● Even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.
此外，過去分詞短語還可以和介詞“with”或“without”連用，具副詞作用。如：
● With the water pipe choked, there wasn't any more water for use.
● Without anything left in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.
最后，過去分詞短語，在適當情況下，可以有自己的主語而變成獨立結(jié)構(gòu)（the absolute construction），如：
● The old man listened, his head inclined to one side.
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