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分詞短語和定語從句
一、分詞和分詞短語的用法
1) 作定語作定語用的分詞如果是單詞，一般放在它所修飾的名詞之前。如：
I'm reading a very interesting book.我在讀一本很有趣的書。
He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜歡喝涼開水。
分詞短語作定語用時，一般皆放在它所修飾的名詞的后面。它的功用相當于定語從句。如：
China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中國是一個發展中的社會主義國家，屬于第三世界。
(= which belongs to the Third World)
The man sitting it the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那個人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer)
Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀請參加晚會的人多數沒有來。(= who were invited to the party.)
2)作表語
The opera is very moving and instructive.這個歌劇很動人，且有教育意義。
The cups are broken.這些杯子是破的。
He is married.他已經結婚了。
[注] 分詞作表語用時，相當于形容詞，不可與進行時態和被動語態中的分詞混淆起來。它們的形式相似，但可以從意義上加以辨別。試比較：
Lei Feng's spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷鋒的精神鼓舞著全國人民。(現在進行時)
His report is inspiring. 他的報告令人鼓舞。(現在分詞作表語)
The road was completed by the PLA men.這條路是解放軍戰士修成的。(被動語態)
The road is completed.這條路已經筑成。(過去分詞作表語)
3)作狀語分詞在意義上也可用作狀語，表示時間、原因、方式和伴隨情況等。
a)表示時間(在意義上往往相當于表示時間的狀語從句)。如：
Looking out of the window，I saw groups of children passing by the house.我從窗口望出去，看見成群的孩子們從房子前面走過。(= When I locked out of the window)
Heated，the metal expands.這種金屬加熱后即膨脹。(= When it is healed)
Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打開抽屜，拿出一本詞典。(= He opened the drawer and took...這兩個動作是一個接著一個)
[注]如果要強調分詞短語與謂語動詞所表示的時間關系，分詞短語之前可用when或while等連詞。如：
While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory)，I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工廠工作期間，從工人那里學到了很多東西。
When heated，the metal expands.這種金屬加熱后即膨脹。
b)表示原因(在意義上相當于表示原因的狀語從句)。如：
Feeling tired, I telephoned and said I couldn't come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到累，打電話說我不能去。(= Since I felt tired)
Thinking that Chinese medicine might help，he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中醫也許有效，于是到一家中醫醫院去治病。(= As he thought that...)
Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形勢的鼓舞下，他們更加努力工作。(= Since they are inspired by...)
c)表示方式、伴隨情況及結果(這種用法沒有相當的狀語從句可以代替)。如：
He came running back to tell us the news.他跑著回來告訴我們這個消息。(方式)
She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那兒等公共汽車。(伴隨情況或方式)
The child fell，striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤，頭在門上碰破了。(結果)
He went out slamming the door.他走出去砰地一聲把門關上。(伴隨情況)
The lichens came borne by storms.這些地衣是由暴風雨帶來的。(方式)
二、定語從句的用法：
(一)關系代詞的用法：
1. 作主語用who, which和that, 如：
He is the man who/that lives next door.
The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.
2. 作賓語用whom, who, which, that, 如：
The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.
Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?
注：在非正式文體中，用于指人的關系代詞who whom, that 通�？梢允÷�，但在正式文體中通常用whom, 不可省略;用于指物的關系代詞which和that 在非正式文體中也通常省略，但在正式文體中一般不省略。
3. 作定語用whose, 如：
(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.
(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.
注：“whose +名詞中心詞”這一結構在定語從句中既能作主語(如上a句)，又能作賓語(如上b句)。whose 的先行詞常用來指人，但有時也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念，這時可以與of which 結構互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)
4. 作表語只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但時常省略。如：
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.
(二)關系副詞的用法：
1.when 指時間，在從句中作時間狀語，它的先行詞通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：
I still remember the time when I first became a college student.
Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?
注：when時�？梢允÷�，特別是在某些句型和某些時間狀語中。如：
Each time he came, he did his best to help us.
But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.
2.where指地點，在從句中作地點狀語。它的先行詞通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,
city, town, country等，如：
This is the hotel where they are staying.
I forget the house where the Smiths lived.
注：where有時也可以省略。如：
This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
3. why指原因或理由，它的先行詞只有reason。如：
That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.
注：why時常也可以省略。如：
That is the real reason he did it.
(三) 使用關系副詞應注意下列幾點：
1. 這三個關系副詞在意義上都相當于一定的介詞+which結構：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which. 如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.
The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.
This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.
2. 當先行詞是表時間的time, day等和表地點的place, house等時，一定要注意分析從句的結構，如果缺少主語或賓語時，關系詞應該用which或that, 缺少時間狀語或地點狀語時，才能用when或where，試比較：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.
3. when和where既可以引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句。而why 只能引導限制性定語從句。
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